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 Civil Rights Act of 1964

On May 2nd, 1963, the nation was shocked as police officers and firemen in Birmingham, Alabama, descended upon hundreds of civil rights marchers, including school children, using attack dogs, nightsticks, and fire hoses. The resulting national uproar prompted President John F. Kennedy to announce that he would send a tough civil rights bill to Congress the following week, urging them to make a commitment to the proposition that race has no place in American life or law. This bill would become the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a landmark piece of legislation that outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment, marking the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction.

However, the path to passing the Civil Rights Act was not easy. The civil rights movement marched through the South, making its calls for justice heard across the nation, with leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. delivering powerful speeches. On Capitol Hill, a bipartisan civil rights coalition worked to steer the controversial bill through a Congress largely controlled by Southern Democrats who were strongly opposed to it.

President Kennedy submitted his civil rights bill to Congress on June 19, 1963, fully aware of the challenges ahead. Southern Democrats chaired the majority of committees in both the Senate and the House, posing a significant obstacle to the bill's passage. Despite the risks to his legislative agenda, President Kennedy felt compelled to act, especially as pressure for action continued to mount.

That summer, the march on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place, amplifying the need for civil rights legislation and adding to the growing momentum for change.